Educazione non formale: capire cosa significa

Durante la fase di ricerca del progetto BRICKS, i partner si sono trovati di fronte a un problema comune: comprendere cosa sia l’educazione non formale e in che modo e perché essa differisca dall’educazione formale e informale. A tal fine, il progetto BRICKS ha raccolto le diverse definizioni esistenti e ha proposto una propria definizione basata sull’esperienza e sulle ricerche dei quattro partner (Belgio, Georgia, Italia e Polonia).

Educazione, che cos’è?

L’educazione è il processo attraverso il quale una società trasmette le proprie conoscenze, competenze e valori da una generazione all’altra. Nel suo senso più ampio, include qualsiasi attività o esperienza che plasmi la mente, il carattere o le capacità fisiche di un individuo. L’educazione svolge un ruolo fondamentale nel potenziare le capacità e il potenziale delle persone e delle comunità, favorendo lo sviluppo sociale, culturale ed economico. Come pilastro dell’emancipazione, essa fornisce conoscenze e informazioni, rafforza l’autostima e la fiducia in sé stessi e sostiene la piena realizzazione del potenziale individuale.

Consiglio d’Europa (n.d.). Educazione. Compass – Manuale per l’Educazione ai Diritti Umani con i Giovani. Disponibile su: https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/education

Evoluzione e definizione dell’educazione formale:

1997 – UNESCO ISCED

2012 – UIS ISCED

2022 – NCVER

2022 – NCVER Training

UNESCO Isitituto di Statistica

L’educazione formale è definita come un’educazione istituzionalizzata, intenzionale e pianificata attraverso organizzazioni pubbliche e enti privati riconosciuti che, nel loro insieme, costituiscono il sistema educativo formale di un paese. I programmi di educazione formale sono pertanto riconosciuti come tali dalle competenti autorità educative nazionali o equivalenti, ad esempio qualsiasi altra istituzione che cooperi con le autorità educative nazionali o subnazionali.

L’educazione formale è costituita principalmente dall’educazione standardizzata. L’istruzione professionale, l’educazione speciale e alcune parti dell’educazione degli adulti sono spesso riconosciute come parte del sistema di educazione formale. Le qualifiche ottenute attraverso l’educazione formale sono per definizione riconosciute e rientrano quindi nell’ambito dell’ISCED (Classificazione Internazionale Standard dell’Educazione).

L’educazione istituzionalizzata si verifica quando un’organizzazione fornisce assetti educativi strutturati, come relazioni e/o interazioni tra studente e insegnante, appositamente progettati per l’istruzione e l’apprendimento.

(UNESCO, 2011, p. 8, citato da EASNIE, 2016b, pp. 24–25).

Evoluzione e definizione dell’educazione non formale:

Secondo la ricerca del progetto BRICKS, l’educazione non formale nei mestieri del patrimonio si riferisce a “un apprendimento pratico basato sulla comunità, al di fuori dei sistemi formali, in cui gli adulti acquisiscono competenze attraverso la mentorship e lo scambio intergenerazionale. Essa svolge un ruolo chiave nella preservazione delle tradizioni artigianali, nella promozione dell’inclusione e nel sostegno allo sviluppo regionale”.

Raccogliendo tutte le definizioni, possiamo concludere che l’educazione non formale si riferisce a un apprendimento organizzato e intenzionale che avviene al di fuori del sistema scolastico formale. Comprende attività strutturate ma flessibili—come workshop, corsi brevi, apprendistati o programmi comunitari— progettate per rispondere alle esigenze di specifici gruppi di apprendimento. La partecipazione è volontaria, i metodi sono centrati sul discente e l’obiettivo è sviluppare competenze pratiche, conoscenze e capacità personali. Sebbene solitamente non conduca a qualifiche formali, i risultati dell’apprendimento possono spesso essere valutati, riconosciuti o convalidati.

Come parte importante dell’apprendimento permanente, l’educazione non formale integra l’educazione formale e aiuta le persone ad acquisire nuove capacità, migliorare i propri percorsi professionali e favorire lo sviluppo personale.

Una rapida panoramica dell’educazione non formale:

Coombs, 1973

1984 – UNESCO

2004 – Compasito

2006 – OECD

2008 – CEDEFOP

2015 – CEDEFOP

2016 – Eurostat

2016 – Commissione europea

L'intera storia dell'evoluzione del concetto

Evoluzione e definizione di educazione informale:

1984 – UNESCO (TVET)

2005 – Jordan MoL/VTC

2006 – ILO

2006 – OECD

2013 – Wahba

L’educazione informale si riferisce all’apprendimento che emerge naturalmente dalle attività quotidiane sul lavoro, in famiglia o durante il tempo libero. Non è organizzata né strutturata, non prevede obiettivi, orari o risorse definite, ed è per lo più non intenzionale dal punto di vista del discente. L’educazione informale amplia le conoscenze accumulate attraverso l’esperienza vissuta, piuttosto che tramite processi didattici pianificati.

Ardouin, Thierry. “Educazione non formale e informale: storia, questioni attuali e interrogativi. Intervista a Stéphanie Gasse (Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Educazione dell’Università di Rouen in Normandia). EPALE, 14 aprile 2020.

Per maggiori dettagli sulle linee temporali della panoramica rapida dei diversi concetti, è possibile consultare l’UNESCO. Informal education and training, TVETipedia Glossary. Disponibile qui.

Coombs, 1973

Non-formal education takes place outside the main education and training structures and does not necessarily lead to recognised qualifications or identified diplomas. It can be acquired in a professional context or through the activities of civil society organisations and can be offered as a complement to the formal institutionalised system.

Coombs, an educational planner, was the first to attempt a definition in the context of the global educational crisis: “any organised educational activity outside the established formal system that is intended to serve identifiable learning clientele and learning objectives” 

UNESCO, 1984

Education which takes place outside the formal system on either a regular or an intermittent basis.

This publication is a practical terminology in the field of technical and vocational education for the purposes of international communication. After use of the original English/French version for over five years in numerous regional and international meetings, conferences, seminars and workshops held in those two languages, it was felt that publication of the guide in additional international languages would permit Unesco to contribute further to a better understanding in Member States of the Revised Recommendation concerning Technical and Vocational Education (1974), would facilitate the implementation of this instrument and would foster a more effective exchange of information in the field of technical and vocational education.

Terminology of Technical and Vocational Education, 1984 

Council of europe, 2004

Non-formal education refers to any deliberate, voluntary and planned programme of personal and social education that aims to convey and practise values, and develop a wide range of skills and competences, outside the formal education curriculum. Non-formal education for children might include out-of-school activities, extra-curricular activities in schools, summer camps and leisure centre activities. Non-formal education uses a participatory approach to learning.

OECD, 2006

Non-formal education is defined as any organised and sustained educational activities that do not correspond exactly to the (…) definition of formal education. Non-formal education may therefore take place both within and outside educational institutions, and cater to persons of all ages. Depending on country contexts, it may cover educational programmes to impart adult literacy, basic education for out-of-school children, life skills, work skills and general culture. Non-formal education programmes do not necessarily follow the ladder system, and may have a differing duration.

Education at a Glance, Glossary of education terms, 2006

CEDEFOP, 2008

Non-formal learning : Learning which is embedded in planned activities not explicitly designated as learning (in terms of learning objectives, learning time or learning support). Non-formal learning is intentional from the learner’s point of view.

  • non-formal learning outcomes may be validated and lead to certification
  • non-formal learning is sometimes described as semi-structured learning

 

Although Cedefop did not issue a separate definition of non-formal education, its description of non-formal learning aligns closely with the way many institutions understand non-formal education, emphasising organised yet flexible learning outside the formal system.

CEDEFOP, 2015

The European Commission highlights and uses the recognition of non-formal and informal learning outcomes promoted by the OECD, the European Commission via the European Center for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP) witch revised the European guidelines for validation of non-formal and informal learning in 2015.

Non-formal education and training is understood as education and training leading to qualifications which are not directly recognised as such by relevant national education authorities (or equivalent authorities) or not leading to any qualifications at all (although recognition and validation of learning outcomes could then be used and indirectly lead to formal qualifications).

This concept is therefore distinguished from formal education and training, which: (a) typically takes place in (or, in the case of formal apprenticeships, dually involve) the system of schools, colleges and universities and other formal education institutions; (b) normally, although not necessarily, constitutes a continuous ladder of education for children and young people; (c) is directly relevant for the determination of the highest level of formal education attained.

Eurostat, 2016

Adult learning is understood here as the job-related learning of adults who have left initial education and training and entered working life. Job-related learning refers to education and training undertaken for the purpose of acquiring skills for a current or future job, while recognising that non-work-related ‘leisure’ learning can also provide individuals with valuable skills for the labour market. Adult learning encompasses three types of learning:

Non-formal learning (unaccredited education and training) is intentional, institutionalised learning that is either of short duration (less than one semester) or not recognised by relevant authorities. Examples include non-formal qualifications obtained from short courses and workshops.

Eurostat (2016), Classification of learning activities (CLA) Manual: 2016 edition, European Union Publications Office, Luxembourg,  

European Commission, 2016

Non-formal learning is the “concept on which there is the least consensus” (OECD, n.d.) and lies somewhere between formal and informal learning. Hence it makes sense to take a brief look at two broadly accepted definitions of the latter two terms.

Formal learning is learning that occurs in an organised and structured environment and is explicitly designated as learning (in terms of objectives, time or resources). It is intentional from the learner’s point of view and typically leads to validation and certification (Cedefop, 2008). Typical examples are learning that takes place within the initial education and training system or workplace training arranged by the employer (Werquin & Patrick, 2010).

Informal learning is learning that results from daily activities related to work, family or leisure. It is not organised or structured in terms of objectives, time or learning support. It is in most cases unintentional from the learner’s perspective (Cedefop, 2008).

There is also a definition of non-formal learning by Cedefop (2014), which is “learning embedded in planning activities not explicitly designated as learning (in terms of learning objectives, learning time or learning support). Non-formal learning is intentional form the learners’ point of view.… Non-formal learning outcomes may be validated and may lead to certification.

European Commission, Validation of Non-formal MOOC-based Learning, 2016